Evolutionary history and global spread of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing lineage.
Identifieur interne : 002E27 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 002E26; suivant : 002E28Evolutionary history and global spread of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing lineage.
Auteurs : Matthias Merker [Allemagne] ; Camille Blin [France] ; Stefano Mona [France] ; Nicolas Duforet-Frebourg [France] ; Sophie Lecher [France] ; Eve Willery [France] ; Michael G B. Blum [France] ; Sabine Rüsch-Gerdes [Allemagne] ; Igor Mokrousov [Russie] ; Eman Aleksic [Australie] ; Caroline Allix-Béguec [France] ; Annick Antierens [Suisse] ; Ewa Augustynowicz-Kope [Pologne] ; Marie Ballif [Suisse] ; Francesca Barletta [Pérou] ; Hans Peter Beck [Suisse] ; Clifton E. Barry [États-Unis] ; Maryline Bonnet [France] ; Emanuele Borroni [Italie] ; Isolina Campos-Herrero [Espagne] ; Daniela Cirillo [Italie] ; Helen Cox [Afrique du Sud] ; Suzanne Crowe [Australie] ; Valeriu Crudu ; Roland Diel [Allemagne] ; Francis Drobniewski [Royaume-Uni] ; Maryse Fauville-Dufaux [Belgique] ; Sébastien Gagneux [Suisse] ; Solomon Ghebremichael [Suède] ; Madeleine Hanekom [Afrique du Sud] ; Sven Hoffner [Suède] ; Wei-Wei Jiao [République populaire de Chine] ; Stobdan Kalon [Kirghizistan] ; Thomas A. Kohl [Allemagne] ; Irina Kontsevaya [Russie] ; Troels Lilleb K [Danemark] ; Shinji Maeda [Japon] ; Vladyslav Nikolayevskyy [Royaume-Uni] ; Michael Rasmussen [Danemark] ; Nalin Rastogi [France] ; Sofia Samper [Espagne] ; Elisabeth Sanchez-Padilla [France] ; Branislava Savic [Serbie] ; Isdore Chola Shamputa [États-Unis] ; Adong Shen [République populaire de Chine] ; Li-Hwei Sng [Singapour] ; Petras Stakenas [Lituanie] ; Kadri Toit [Estonie] ; Francis Varaine [France] ; Dragana Vukovic [Serbie] ; Céline Wahl [France] ; Robin Warren [Afrique du Sud] ; Philip Supply [France] ; Stefan Niemann [Allemagne] ; Thierry Wirth [France]Source :
- Nature genetics [ 1546-1718 ] ; 2015.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- Génome bactérien, Génotype, Humains, Mutation, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (), Mycobacterium tuberculosis (génétique), Mycobacterium tuberculosis (isolement et purification), Phylogénie, Santé mondiale, Tuberculose multirésistante (microbiologie), Tuberculose multirésistante (épidémiologie), Évolution biologique, Évolution moléculaire.
- MESH :
- génétique : Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
- isolement et purification : Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
- microbiologie : Tuberculose multirésistante.
- épidémiologie : Tuberculose multirésistante.
- Génome bactérien, Génotype, Humains, Mutation, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Phylogénie, Santé mondiale, Évolution biologique, Évolution moléculaire.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Biological Evolution, Evolution, Molecular, Genome, Bacterial, Genotype, Global Health, Humans, Mutation, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (classification), Mycobacterium tuberculosis (genetics), Mycobacterium tuberculosis (isolation & purification), Phylogeny, Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant (epidemiology), Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant (microbiology).
- MESH :
- classification : Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
- epidemiology : Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant.
- genetics : Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
- isolation & purification : Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
- microbiology : Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant.
- Biological Evolution, Evolution, Molecular, Genome, Bacterial, Genotype, Global Health, Humans, Mutation, Phylogeny.
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains of the Beijing lineage are globally distributed and are associated with the massive spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis in Eurasia. Here we reconstructed the biogeographical structure and evolutionary history of this lineage by genetic analysis of 4,987 isolates from 99 countries and whole-genome sequencing of 110 representative isolates. We show that this lineage initially originated in the Far East, from where it radiated worldwide in several waves. We detected successive increases in population size for this pathogen over the last 200 years, practically coinciding with the Industrial Revolution, the First World War and HIV epidemics. Two MDR clones of this lineage started to spread throughout central Asia and Russia concomitantly with the collapse of the public health system in the former Soviet Union. Mutations identified in genes putatively under positive selection and associated with virulence might have favored the expansion of the most successful branches of the lineage.
DOI: 10.1038/ng.3195
PubMed: 25599400
Affiliations:
- Afrique du Sud, Allemagne, Australie, Belgique, Danemark, Espagne, Estonie, France, Italie, Japon, Kirghizistan, Lituanie, Pologne, Pérou, Royaume-Uni, Russie, République populaire de Chine, Serbie, Singapour, Suisse, Suède, États-Unis
- Angleterre, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Canton de Berne, Grand Londres, Hauts-de-France, Hovedstaden, Lombardie, Maryland, Nord-Pas-de-Calais, Rhône-Alpes, Région de Bruxelles-Capitale, Région de Kantō, Schleswig-Holstein, Île-de-France
- Berne, Bruxelles, Copenhague, Grenoble, Kiel, Lille, Londres, Milan, Paris, Pékin, Tokyo
- Université Joseph Fourier, Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, Université de Berne
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Le document en format XML
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[2] Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8204, Lille, France. [3] Université Lille Nord, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France. [4] Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>1] INSERM U1019, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France. [2] Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8204, Lille, France. [3] Université Lille Nord, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France. [4] Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Hauts-de-France</region><region type="old region">Nord-Pas-de-Calais</region><settlement type="city">Lille</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Willery, Eve" sort="Willery, Eve" uniqKey="Willery E" first="Eve" last="Willery">Eve Willery</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>1] INSERM U1019, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France. [2] Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8204, Lille, France. [3] Université Lille Nord, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France. [4] Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>1] INSERM U1019, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France. 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Rüsch-Gerdes</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>National Reference Center for Mycobacteria, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>National Reference Center for Mycobacteria, Research Center Borstel, Borstel</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Borstel</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Borstel</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Borstel</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mokrousov, Igor" sort="Mokrousov, Igor" uniqKey="Mokrousov I" first="Igor" last="Mokrousov">Igor Mokrousov</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute, St. Petersburg</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>St. Petersburg</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aleksic, Eman" sort="Aleksic, Eman" uniqKey="Aleksic E" first="Eman" last="Aleksic">Eman Aleksic</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Victoria</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Allix Beguec, Caroline" sort="Allix Beguec, Caroline" uniqKey="Allix Beguec C" first="Caroline" last="Allix-Béguec">Caroline Allix-Béguec</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Genoscreen, Lille, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Genoscreen, Lille</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Hauts-de-France</region><region type="old 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xml:lang="fr">Pologne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbiology, National Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Institute, Warsaw</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Warsaw</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ballif, Marie" sort="Ballif, Marie" uniqKey="Ballif M" first="Marie" last="Ballif">Marie Ballif</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Berne</settlement><region type="région" nuts="3">Canton de Berne</region><settlement type="city">Berne</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Berne</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Barletta, Francesca" sort="Barletta, Francesca" uniqKey="Barletta F" first="Francesca" last="Barletta">Francesca Barletta</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Molecular Epidemiology Unit-Tuberculosis, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Pérou</country><wicri:regionArea>Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Molecular Epidemiology Unit-Tuberculosis, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Lima</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Beck, Hans Peter" sort="Beck, Hans Peter" uniqKey="Beck H" first="Hans Peter" last="Beck">Hans Peter Beck</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Basel</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Barry, Clifton E" sort="Barry, Clifton E" uniqKey="Barry C" first="Clifton E" last="Barry">Clifton E. Barry</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Tuberculosis Research Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Tuberculosis Research Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bonnet, Maryline" sort="Bonnet, Maryline" uniqKey="Bonnet M" first="Maryline" last="Bonnet">Maryline Bonnet</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Clinical Research Department, Epicentre, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Clinical Research Department, Epicentre, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Borroni, Emanuele" sort="Borroni, Emanuele" uniqKey="Borroni E" first="Emanuele" last="Borroni">Emanuele Borroni</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Emerging Bacterial Pathogens Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Emerging Bacterial Pathogens Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Milan</settlement><region nuts="2">Lombardie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Campos Herrero, Isolina" sort="Campos Herrero, Isolina" uniqKey="Campos Herrero I" first="Isolina" last="Campos-Herrero">Isolina Campos-Herrero</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology, Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Dr. Negrín, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbiology, Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Dr. Negrín, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Las Palmas de Gran Canaria</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cirillo, Daniela" sort="Cirillo, Daniela" uniqKey="Cirillo D" first="Daniela" last="Cirillo">Daniela Cirillo</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Emerging Bacterial Pathogens Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Emerging Bacterial Pathogens Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Milan</settlement><region nuts="2">Lombardie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cox, Helen" sort="Cox, Helen" uniqKey="Cox H" first="Helen" last="Cox">Helen Cox</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Division of Medical Microbiology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Medical Microbiology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cape Town</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Crowe, Suzanne" sort="Crowe, Suzanne" uniqKey="Crowe S" first="Suzanne" last="Crowe">Suzanne Crowe</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>1] Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. [2] Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. [3] Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>1] Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. [2] Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. [3] Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Victoria</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Crudu, Valeriu" sort="Crudu, Valeriu" uniqKey="Crudu V" first="Valeriu" last="Crudu">Valeriu Crudu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Phthysiopneumology Institute, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Republic of Moldova</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Diel, Roland" sort="Diel, Roland" uniqKey="Diel R" first="Roland" last="Diel">Roland Diel</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Institute for Epidemiology, Schleswig-Holstein University Hospital, Kiel, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute for Epidemiology, Schleswig-Holstein University Hospital, Kiel</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="2">Schleswig-Holstein</region><settlement type="city">Kiel</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Drobniewski, Francis" sort="Drobniewski, Francis" uniqKey="Drobniewski F" first="Francis" last="Drobniewski">Francis Drobniewski</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>1] Public Health England National Mycobacterial Reference Laboratory and Clinical Tuberculosis and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Group, Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK. [2] Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College, London, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>1] Public Health England National Mycobacterial Reference Laboratory and Clinical Tuberculosis and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Group, Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK. [2] Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College, London</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fauville Dufaux, Maryse" sort="Fauville Dufaux, Maryse" uniqKey="Fauville Dufaux M" first="Maryse" last="Fauville-Dufaux">Maryse Fauville-Dufaux</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Tuberculosis and Mycobacteria, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Tuberculosis and Mycobacteria, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Bruxelles</settlement><region nuts="2">Région de Bruxelles-Capitale</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gagneux, Sebastien" sort="Gagneux, Sebastien" uniqKey="Gagneux S" first="Sébastien" last="Gagneux">Sébastien Gagneux</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Basel</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ghebremichael, Solomon" sort="Ghebremichael, Solomon" uniqKey="Ghebremichael S" first="Solomon" last="Ghebremichael">Solomon Ghebremichael</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology, Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbiology, Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Solna</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hanekom, Madeleine" sort="Hanekom, Madeleine" uniqKey="Hanekom M" first="Madeleine" last="Hanekom">Madeleine Hanekom</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation, Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research/Medical Research Council, Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation, Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research/Medical Research Council, Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cape Town</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hoffner, Sven" sort="Hoffner, Sven" uniqKey="Hoffner S" first="Sven" last="Hoffner">Sven Hoffner</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Diagnostics and Vaccinology, Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control, Solna, Sweden.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Diagnostics and Vaccinology, Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control, Solna</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Solna</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jiao, Wei Wei" sort="Jiao, Wei Wei" uniqKey="Jiao W" first="Wei-Wei" last="Jiao">Wei-Wei Jiao</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children and National Key Discipline of Pediatrics (Capital Medical University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children and National Key Discipline of Pediatrics (Capital Medical University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Pékin</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kalon, Stobdan" sort="Kalon, Stobdan" uniqKey="Kalon S" first="Stobdan" last="Kalon">Stobdan Kalon</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>US Agency for International Development Quality Health Care Project, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Kirghizistan</country><wicri:regionArea>US Agency for International Development Quality Health Care Project, Bishkek</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bishkek</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kohl, Thomas A" sort="Kohl, Thomas A" uniqKey="Kohl T" first="Thomas A" last="Kohl">Thomas A. Kohl</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Molecular Mycobacteriology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Molecular Mycobacteriology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Borstel</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Borstel</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Borstel</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kontsevaya, Irina" sort="Kontsevaya, Irina" uniqKey="Kontsevaya I" first="Irina" last="Kontsevaya">Irina Kontsevaya</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Samara Oblast Tuberculosis Service, Samara, Russia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Samara Oblast Tuberculosis Service, Samara</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Samara</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lilleb K, Troels" sort="Lilleb K, Troels" uniqKey="Lilleb K T" first="Troels" last="Lilleb K">Troels Lilleb K</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Statens Serum Institute, International Reference Laboratory of Mycobacteriology, Copenhagen, Denmark.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country><wicri:regionArea>Statens Serum Institute, International Reference Laboratory of Mycobacteriology, Copenhagen</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Copenhague</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Hovedstaden</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Maeda, Shinji" sort="Maeda, Shinji" uniqKey="Maeda S" first="Shinji" last="Maeda">Shinji Maeda</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Tokyo, Japan.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Tokyo</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement><region type="région">Région de Kantō</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nikolayevskyy, Vladyslav" sort="Nikolayevskyy, Vladyslav" uniqKey="Nikolayevskyy V" first="Vladyslav" last="Nikolayevskyy">Vladyslav Nikolayevskyy</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>1] Public Health England National Mycobacterial Reference Laboratory and Clinical Tuberculosis and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Group, Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK. [2] Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College, London, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>1] Public Health England National Mycobacterial Reference Laboratory and Clinical Tuberculosis and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Group, Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK. [2] Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College, London</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rasmussen, Michael" sort="Rasmussen, Michael" uniqKey="Rasmussen M" first="Michael" last="Rasmussen">Michael Rasmussen</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Statens Serum Institute, International Reference Laboratory of Mycobacteriology, Copenhagen, Denmark.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country><wicri:regionArea>Statens Serum Institute, International Reference Laboratory of Mycobacteriology, Copenhagen</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Copenhague</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Hovedstaden</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rastogi, Nalin" sort="Rastogi, Nalin" uniqKey="Rastogi N" first="Nalin" last="Rastogi">Nalin Rastogi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>World Health Organization Supranational Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de la Guadeloupe, Abymes, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>World Health Organization Supranational Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de la Guadeloupe, Abymes</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Abymes</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Abymes</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Samper, Sofia" sort="Samper, Sofia" uniqKey="Samper S" first="Sofia" last="Samper">Sofia Samper</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Zaragoza</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sanchez Padilla, Elisabeth" sort="Sanchez Padilla, Elisabeth" uniqKey="Sanchez Padilla E" first="Elisabeth" last="Sanchez-Padilla">Elisabeth Sanchez-Padilla</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Clinical Research Department, Epicentre, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Clinical Research Department, Epicentre, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Savic, Branislava" sort="Savic, Branislava" uniqKey="Savic B" first="Branislava" last="Savic">Branislava Savic</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Serbie</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Belgrade</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shamputa, Isdore Chola" sort="Shamputa, Isdore Chola" uniqKey="Shamputa I" first="Isdore Chola" last="Shamputa">Isdore Chola Shamputa</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Tuberculosis Research Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Tuberculosis Research Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shen, Adong" sort="Shen, Adong" uniqKey="Shen A" first="Adong" last="Shen">Adong Shen</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children and National Key Discipline of Pediatrics (Capital Medical University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children and National Key Discipline of Pediatrics (Capital Medical University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Pékin</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sng, Li Hwei" sort="Sng, Li Hwei" uniqKey="Sng L" first="Li-Hwei" last="Sng">Li-Hwei Sng</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Central Tuberculosis Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Singapour</country><wicri:regionArea>Central Tuberculosis Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Singapore General Hospital</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stakenas, Petras" sort="Stakenas, Petras" uniqKey="Stakenas P" first="Petras" last="Stakenas">Petras Stakenas</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Lituanie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, Vilnius</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Vilnius</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Toit, Kadri" sort="Toit, Kadri" uniqKey="Toit K" first="Kadri" last="Toit">Kadri Toit</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Tartu University Hospital United Laboratories, Mycobacteriology, Tartu, Estonia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Estonie</country><wicri:regionArea>Tartu University Hospital United Laboratories, Mycobacteriology, Tartu</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Tartu</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Varaine, Francis" sort="Varaine, Francis" uniqKey="Varaine F" first="Francis" last="Varaine">Francis Varaine</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Medical Department, Médecins sans Frontières, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Medical Department, Médecins sans Frontières, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vukovic, Dragana" sort="Vukovic, Dragana" uniqKey="Vukovic D" first="Dragana" last="Vukovic">Dragana Vukovic</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Serbie</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Belgrade</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wahl, Celine" sort="Wahl, Celine" uniqKey="Wahl C" first="Céline" last="Wahl">Céline Wahl</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Genoscreen, Lille, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Genoscreen, Lille</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Hauts-de-France</region><region type="old region">Nord-Pas-de-Calais</region><settlement type="city">Lille</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Warren, Robin" sort="Warren, Robin" uniqKey="Warren R" first="Robin" last="Warren">Robin Warren</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation, Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research/Medical Research Council, Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation, Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research/Medical Research Council, Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cape Town</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Supply, Philip" sort="Supply, Philip" uniqKey="Supply P" first="Philip" last="Supply">Philip Supply</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>1] INSERM U1019, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France. [2] Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8204, Lille, France. [3] Université Lille Nord, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France. [4] Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France. [5] Genoscreen, Lille, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>1] INSERM U1019, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France. [2] Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8204, Lille, France. [3] Université Lille Nord, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France. [4] Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France. [5] Genoscreen, Lille</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Hauts-de-France</region><region type="old region">Nord-Pas-de-Calais</region><settlement type="city">Lille</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Niemann, Stefan" sort="Niemann, Stefan" uniqKey="Niemann S" first="Stefan" last="Niemann">Stefan Niemann</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>1] Molecular Mycobacteriology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany. [2] German Center for Infection Research, Borstel Site, Borstel, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>1] Molecular Mycobacteriology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany. [2] German Center for Infection Research, Borstel Site, Borstel</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Borstel</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Borstel</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Borstel</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wirth, Thierry" sort="Wirth, Thierry" uniqKey="Wirth T" first="Thierry" last="Wirth">Thierry Wirth</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>1] Laboratoire Biologie Intégrative des Population, Evolution Moléculaire, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Paris, France. [2] Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, UMR-CNRS 7205, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>1] Laboratoire Biologie Intégrative des Population, Evolution Moléculaire, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Paris, France. [2] Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, UMR-CNRS 7205, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Sorbonne Universités, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie</orgName></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2015">2015</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:25599400</idno><idno type="pmid">25599400</idno><idno type="doi">10.1038/ng.3195</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">002F40</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">002F40</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Curation">002E62</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Curation">002E62</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Checkpoint">002E62</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Checkpoint" wicri:step="PubMed">002E62</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">002177</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Curation">002177</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Checkpoint">002177</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Merge">002E28</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Curation">002E27</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Exploration">002E27</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Evolutionary history and global spread of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing lineage.</title><author><name sortKey="Merker, Matthias" sort="Merker, Matthias" uniqKey="Merker M" first="Matthias" last="Merker">Matthias Merker</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Molecular Mycobacteriology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Molecular Mycobacteriology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Borstel</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Borstel</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Borstel</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Blin, Camille" sort="Blin, Camille" uniqKey="Blin C" first="Camille" last="Blin">Camille Blin</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>1] Laboratoire Biologie Intégrative des Population, Evolution Moléculaire, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Paris, France. [2] Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, UMR-CNRS 7205, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>1] Laboratoire Biologie Intégrative des Population, Evolution Moléculaire, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Paris, France. [2] Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, UMR-CNRS 7205, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Sorbonne Universités, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mona, Stefano" sort="Mona, Stefano" uniqKey="Mona S" first="Stefano" last="Mona">Stefano Mona</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>1] Laboratoire Biologie Intégrative des Population, Evolution Moléculaire, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Paris, France. [2] Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, UMR-CNRS 7205, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>1] Laboratoire Biologie Intégrative des Population, Evolution Moléculaire, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Paris, France. [2] Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, UMR-CNRS 7205, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Sorbonne Universités, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Duforet Frebourg, Nicolas" sort="Duforet Frebourg, Nicolas" uniqKey="Duforet Frebourg N" first="Nicolas" last="Duforet-Frebourg">Nicolas Duforet-Frebourg</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Université Joseph Fourier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire Techniques de l'Ingénierie Médicale et de la Complexité-Informatique, Mathématiques et Applications, Grenoble, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Université Joseph Fourier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire Techniques de l'Ingénierie Médicale et de la Complexité-Informatique, Mathématiques et Applications, Grenoble</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</region><region type="old region">Rhône-Alpes</region><settlement type="city">Grenoble</settlement><settlement type="city">Grenoble</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Joseph Fourier</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lecher, Sophie" sort="Lecher, Sophie" uniqKey="Lecher S" first="Sophie" last="Lecher">Sophie Lecher</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>1] INSERM U1019, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France. [2] Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8204, Lille, France. [3] Université Lille Nord, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France. [4] Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>1] INSERM U1019, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France. [2] Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8204, Lille, France. [3] Université Lille Nord, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France. [4] Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Hauts-de-France</region><region type="old region">Nord-Pas-de-Calais</region><settlement type="city">Lille</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Willery, Eve" sort="Willery, Eve" uniqKey="Willery E" first="Eve" last="Willery">Eve Willery</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>1] INSERM U1019, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France. [2] Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8204, Lille, France. [3] Université Lille Nord, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France. [4] Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>1] INSERM U1019, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France. [2] Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8204, Lille, France. [3] Université Lille Nord, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France. [4] Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Hauts-de-France</region><region type="old region">Nord-Pas-de-Calais</region><settlement type="city">Lille</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Blum, Michael G B" sort="Blum, Michael G B" uniqKey="Blum M" first="Michael G B" last="Blum">Michael G B. Blum</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Université Joseph Fourier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire Techniques de l'Ingénierie Médicale et de la Complexité-Informatique, Mathématiques et Applications, Grenoble, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Université Joseph Fourier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire Techniques de l'Ingénierie Médicale et de la Complexité-Informatique, Mathématiques et Applications, Grenoble</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</region><region type="old region">Rhône-Alpes</region><settlement type="city">Grenoble</settlement><settlement type="city">Grenoble</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Joseph Fourier</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rusch Gerdes, Sabine" sort="Rusch Gerdes, Sabine" uniqKey="Rusch Gerdes S" first="Sabine" last="Rüsch-Gerdes">Sabine Rüsch-Gerdes</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>National Reference Center for Mycobacteria, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>National Reference Center for Mycobacteria, Research Center Borstel, Borstel</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Borstel</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Borstel</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Borstel</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mokrousov, Igor" sort="Mokrousov, Igor" uniqKey="Mokrousov I" first="Igor" last="Mokrousov">Igor Mokrousov</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute, St. Petersburg</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>St. Petersburg</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aleksic, Eman" sort="Aleksic, Eman" uniqKey="Aleksic E" first="Eman" last="Aleksic">Eman Aleksic</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Victoria</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Allix Beguec, Caroline" sort="Allix Beguec, Caroline" uniqKey="Allix Beguec C" first="Caroline" last="Allix-Béguec">Caroline Allix-Béguec</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Genoscreen, Lille, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Genoscreen, Lille</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Hauts-de-France</region><region type="old region">Nord-Pas-de-Calais</region><settlement type="city">Lille</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Antierens, Annick" sort="Antierens, Annick" uniqKey="Antierens A" first="Annick" last="Antierens">Annick Antierens</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Medical Department, Médecins sans Frontières Switzerland, Geneva, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Medical Department, Médecins sans Frontières Switzerland, Geneva</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Geneva</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Augustynowicz Kope, Ewa" sort="Augustynowicz Kope, Ewa" uniqKey="Augustynowicz Kope E" first="Ewa" last="Augustynowicz-Kope">Ewa Augustynowicz-Kope</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology, National Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Pologne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbiology, National Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Institute, Warsaw</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Warsaw</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ballif, Marie" sort="Ballif, Marie" uniqKey="Ballif M" first="Marie" last="Ballif">Marie Ballif</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Berne</settlement><region type="région" nuts="3">Canton de Berne</region><settlement type="city">Berne</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Berne</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Barletta, Francesca" sort="Barletta, Francesca" uniqKey="Barletta F" first="Francesca" last="Barletta">Francesca Barletta</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Molecular Epidemiology Unit-Tuberculosis, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Pérou</country><wicri:regionArea>Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Molecular Epidemiology Unit-Tuberculosis, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Lima</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Beck, Hans Peter" sort="Beck, Hans Peter" uniqKey="Beck H" first="Hans Peter" last="Beck">Hans Peter Beck</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Basel</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Barry, Clifton E" sort="Barry, Clifton E" uniqKey="Barry C" first="Clifton E" last="Barry">Clifton E. Barry</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Tuberculosis Research Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Tuberculosis Research Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bonnet, Maryline" sort="Bonnet, Maryline" uniqKey="Bonnet M" first="Maryline" last="Bonnet">Maryline Bonnet</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Clinical Research Department, Epicentre, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Clinical Research Department, Epicentre, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Borroni, Emanuele" sort="Borroni, Emanuele" uniqKey="Borroni E" first="Emanuele" last="Borroni">Emanuele Borroni</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Emerging Bacterial Pathogens Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Emerging Bacterial Pathogens Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Milan</settlement><region nuts="2">Lombardie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Campos Herrero, Isolina" sort="Campos Herrero, Isolina" uniqKey="Campos Herrero I" first="Isolina" last="Campos-Herrero">Isolina Campos-Herrero</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology, Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Dr. Negrín, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbiology, Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Dr. Negrín, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Las Palmas de Gran Canaria</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cirillo, Daniela" sort="Cirillo, Daniela" uniqKey="Cirillo D" first="Daniela" last="Cirillo">Daniela Cirillo</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Emerging Bacterial Pathogens Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Emerging Bacterial Pathogens Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Milan</settlement><region nuts="2">Lombardie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cox, Helen" sort="Cox, Helen" uniqKey="Cox H" first="Helen" last="Cox">Helen Cox</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Division of Medical Microbiology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Medical Microbiology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cape Town</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Crowe, Suzanne" sort="Crowe, Suzanne" uniqKey="Crowe S" first="Suzanne" last="Crowe">Suzanne Crowe</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>1] Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. [2] Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. [3] Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>1] Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. [2] Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. [3] Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Victoria</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Crudu, Valeriu" sort="Crudu, Valeriu" uniqKey="Crudu V" first="Valeriu" last="Crudu">Valeriu Crudu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Phthysiopneumology Institute, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Republic of Moldova</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Diel, Roland" sort="Diel, Roland" uniqKey="Diel R" first="Roland" last="Diel">Roland Diel</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Institute for Epidemiology, Schleswig-Holstein University Hospital, Kiel, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute for Epidemiology, Schleswig-Holstein University Hospital, Kiel</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="2">Schleswig-Holstein</region><settlement type="city">Kiel</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Drobniewski, Francis" sort="Drobniewski, Francis" uniqKey="Drobniewski F" first="Francis" last="Drobniewski">Francis Drobniewski</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>1] Public Health England National Mycobacterial Reference Laboratory and Clinical Tuberculosis and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Group, Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK. [2] Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College, London, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>1] Public Health England National Mycobacterial Reference Laboratory and Clinical Tuberculosis and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Group, Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK. [2] Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College, London</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fauville Dufaux, Maryse" sort="Fauville Dufaux, Maryse" uniqKey="Fauville Dufaux M" first="Maryse" last="Fauville-Dufaux">Maryse Fauville-Dufaux</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Tuberculosis and Mycobacteria, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Tuberculosis and Mycobacteria, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Bruxelles</settlement><region nuts="2">Région de Bruxelles-Capitale</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gagneux, Sebastien" sort="Gagneux, Sebastien" uniqKey="Gagneux S" first="Sébastien" last="Gagneux">Sébastien Gagneux</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Basel</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ghebremichael, Solomon" sort="Ghebremichael, Solomon" uniqKey="Ghebremichael S" first="Solomon" last="Ghebremichael">Solomon Ghebremichael</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology, Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbiology, Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Solna</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hanekom, Madeleine" sort="Hanekom, Madeleine" uniqKey="Hanekom M" first="Madeleine" last="Hanekom">Madeleine Hanekom</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation, Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research/Medical Research Council, Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation, Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research/Medical Research Council, Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cape Town</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hoffner, Sven" sort="Hoffner, Sven" uniqKey="Hoffner S" first="Sven" last="Hoffner">Sven Hoffner</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Diagnostics and Vaccinology, Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control, Solna, Sweden.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Diagnostics and Vaccinology, Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control, Solna</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Solna</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jiao, Wei Wei" sort="Jiao, Wei Wei" uniqKey="Jiao W" first="Wei-Wei" last="Jiao">Wei-Wei Jiao</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children and National Key Discipline of Pediatrics (Capital Medical University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children and National Key Discipline of Pediatrics (Capital Medical University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Pékin</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kalon, Stobdan" sort="Kalon, Stobdan" uniqKey="Kalon S" first="Stobdan" last="Kalon">Stobdan Kalon</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>US Agency for International Development Quality Health Care Project, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Kirghizistan</country><wicri:regionArea>US Agency for International Development Quality Health Care Project, Bishkek</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bishkek</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kohl, Thomas A" sort="Kohl, Thomas A" uniqKey="Kohl T" first="Thomas A" last="Kohl">Thomas A. Kohl</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Molecular Mycobacteriology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Molecular Mycobacteriology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Borstel</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Borstel</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Borstel</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kontsevaya, Irina" sort="Kontsevaya, Irina" uniqKey="Kontsevaya I" first="Irina" last="Kontsevaya">Irina Kontsevaya</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Samara Oblast Tuberculosis Service, Samara, Russia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Samara Oblast Tuberculosis Service, Samara</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Samara</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lilleb K, Troels" sort="Lilleb K, Troels" uniqKey="Lilleb K T" first="Troels" last="Lilleb K">Troels Lilleb K</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Statens Serum Institute, International Reference Laboratory of Mycobacteriology, Copenhagen, Denmark.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country><wicri:regionArea>Statens Serum Institute, International Reference Laboratory of Mycobacteriology, Copenhagen</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Copenhague</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Hovedstaden</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Maeda, Shinji" sort="Maeda, Shinji" uniqKey="Maeda S" first="Shinji" last="Maeda">Shinji Maeda</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Tokyo, Japan.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Tokyo</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement><region type="région">Région de Kantō</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nikolayevskyy, Vladyslav" sort="Nikolayevskyy, Vladyslav" uniqKey="Nikolayevskyy V" first="Vladyslav" last="Nikolayevskyy">Vladyslav Nikolayevskyy</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>1] Public Health England National Mycobacterial Reference Laboratory and Clinical Tuberculosis and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Group, Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK. [2] Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College, London, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>1] Public Health England National Mycobacterial Reference Laboratory and Clinical Tuberculosis and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Group, Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK. [2] Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College, London</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rasmussen, Michael" sort="Rasmussen, Michael" uniqKey="Rasmussen M" first="Michael" last="Rasmussen">Michael Rasmussen</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Statens Serum Institute, International Reference Laboratory of Mycobacteriology, Copenhagen, Denmark.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country><wicri:regionArea>Statens Serum Institute, International Reference Laboratory of Mycobacteriology, Copenhagen</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Copenhague</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Hovedstaden</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rastogi, Nalin" sort="Rastogi, Nalin" uniqKey="Rastogi N" first="Nalin" last="Rastogi">Nalin Rastogi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>World Health Organization Supranational Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de la Guadeloupe, Abymes, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>World Health Organization Supranational Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de la Guadeloupe, Abymes</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Abymes</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Abymes</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Samper, Sofia" sort="Samper, Sofia" uniqKey="Samper S" first="Sofia" last="Samper">Sofia Samper</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Zaragoza</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sanchez Padilla, Elisabeth" sort="Sanchez Padilla, Elisabeth" uniqKey="Sanchez Padilla E" first="Elisabeth" last="Sanchez-Padilla">Elisabeth Sanchez-Padilla</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Clinical Research Department, Epicentre, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Clinical Research Department, Epicentre, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Savic, Branislava" sort="Savic, Branislava" uniqKey="Savic B" first="Branislava" last="Savic">Branislava Savic</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Serbie</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Belgrade</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shamputa, Isdore Chola" sort="Shamputa, Isdore Chola" uniqKey="Shamputa I" first="Isdore Chola" last="Shamputa">Isdore Chola Shamputa</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Tuberculosis Research Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Tuberculosis Research Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shen, Adong" sort="Shen, Adong" uniqKey="Shen A" first="Adong" last="Shen">Adong Shen</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children and National Key Discipline of Pediatrics (Capital Medical University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children and National Key Discipline of Pediatrics (Capital Medical University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Pékin</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sng, Li Hwei" sort="Sng, Li Hwei" uniqKey="Sng L" first="Li-Hwei" last="Sng">Li-Hwei Sng</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Central Tuberculosis Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Singapour</country><wicri:regionArea>Central Tuberculosis Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Singapore General Hospital</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stakenas, Petras" sort="Stakenas, Petras" uniqKey="Stakenas P" first="Petras" last="Stakenas">Petras Stakenas</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Lituanie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, Vilnius</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Vilnius</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Toit, Kadri" sort="Toit, Kadri" uniqKey="Toit K" first="Kadri" last="Toit">Kadri Toit</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Tartu University Hospital United Laboratories, Mycobacteriology, Tartu, Estonia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Estonie</country><wicri:regionArea>Tartu University Hospital United Laboratories, Mycobacteriology, Tartu</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Tartu</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Varaine, Francis" sort="Varaine, Francis" uniqKey="Varaine F" first="Francis" last="Varaine">Francis Varaine</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Medical Department, Médecins sans Frontières, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Medical Department, Médecins sans Frontières, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vukovic, Dragana" sort="Vukovic, Dragana" uniqKey="Vukovic D" first="Dragana" last="Vukovic">Dragana Vukovic</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Serbie</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Belgrade</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wahl, Celine" sort="Wahl, Celine" uniqKey="Wahl C" first="Céline" last="Wahl">Céline Wahl</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Genoscreen, Lille, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Genoscreen, Lille</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Hauts-de-France</region><region type="old region">Nord-Pas-de-Calais</region><settlement type="city">Lille</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Warren, Robin" sort="Warren, Robin" uniqKey="Warren R" first="Robin" last="Warren">Robin Warren</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation, Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research/Medical Research Council, Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation, Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research/Medical Research Council, Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cape Town</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Supply, Philip" sort="Supply, Philip" uniqKey="Supply P" first="Philip" last="Supply">Philip Supply</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>1] INSERM U1019, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France. [2] Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8204, Lille, France. [3] Université Lille Nord, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France. [4] Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France. [5] Genoscreen, Lille, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>1] INSERM U1019, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France. [2] Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8204, Lille, France. [3] Université Lille Nord, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France. [4] Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France. [5] Genoscreen, Lille</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Hauts-de-France</region><region type="old region">Nord-Pas-de-Calais</region><settlement type="city">Lille</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Niemann, Stefan" sort="Niemann, Stefan" uniqKey="Niemann S" first="Stefan" last="Niemann">Stefan Niemann</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>1] Molecular Mycobacteriology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany. [2] German Center for Infection Research, Borstel Site, Borstel, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>1] Molecular Mycobacteriology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany. [2] German Center for Infection Research, Borstel Site, Borstel</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Borstel</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Borstel</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Borstel</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wirth, Thierry" sort="Wirth, Thierry" uniqKey="Wirth T" first="Thierry" last="Wirth">Thierry Wirth</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>1] Laboratoire Biologie Intégrative des Population, Evolution Moléculaire, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Paris, France. [2] Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, UMR-CNRS 7205, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>1] Laboratoire Biologie Intégrative des Population, Evolution Moléculaire, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Paris, France. [2] Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, UMR-CNRS 7205, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Sorbonne Universités, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie</orgName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Nature genetics</title><idno type="eISSN">1546-1718</idno><imprint><date when="2015" type="published">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Biological Evolution</term><term>Evolution, Molecular</term><term>Genome, Bacterial</term><term>Genotype</term><term>Global Health</term><term>Humans</term><term>Mutation</term><term>Mycobacterium tuberculosis (classification)</term><term>Mycobacterium tuberculosis (genetics)</term><term>Mycobacterium tuberculosis (isolation & purification)</term><term>Phylogeny</term><term>Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant (epidemiology)</term><term>Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant (microbiology)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Génome bactérien</term><term>Génotype</term><term>Humains</term><term>Mutation</term><term>Mycobacterium tuberculosis ()</term><term>Mycobacterium tuberculosis (génétique)</term><term>Mycobacterium tuberculosis (isolement et purification)</term><term>Phylogénie</term><term>Santé mondiale</term><term>Tuberculose multirésistante (microbiologie)</term><term>Tuberculose multirésistante (épidémiologie)</term><term>Évolution biologique</term><term>Évolution moléculaire</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="classification" xml:lang="en"><term>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="epidemiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="génétique" xml:lang="fr"><term>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="isolation & purification" xml:lang="en"><term>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="isolement et purification" xml:lang="fr"><term>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="microbiologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Tuberculose multirésistante</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="microbiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="épidémiologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Tuberculose multirésistante</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Biological Evolution</term><term>Evolution, Molecular</term><term>Genome, Bacterial</term><term>Genotype</term><term>Global Health</term><term>Humans</term><term>Mutation</term><term>Phylogeny</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Génome bactérien</term><term>Génotype</term><term>Humains</term><term>Mutation</term><term>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</term><term>Phylogénie</term><term>Santé mondiale</term><term>Évolution biologique</term><term>Évolution moléculaire</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains of the Beijing lineage are globally distributed and are associated with the massive spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis in Eurasia. Here we reconstructed the biogeographical structure and evolutionary history of this lineage by genetic analysis of 4,987 isolates from 99 countries and whole-genome sequencing of 110 representative isolates. We show that this lineage initially originated in the Far East, from where it radiated worldwide in several waves. We detected successive increases in population size for this pathogen over the last 200 years, practically coinciding with the Industrial Revolution, the First World War and HIV epidemics. Two MDR clones of this lineage started to spread throughout central Asia and Russia concomitantly with the collapse of the public health system in the former Soviet Union. Mutations identified in genes putatively under positive selection and associated with virulence might have favored the expansion of the most successful branches of the lineage.</div></front></TEI><affiliations><list><country><li>Afrique du Sud</li><li>Allemagne</li><li>Australie</li><li>Belgique</li><li>Danemark</li><li>Espagne</li><li>Estonie</li><li>France</li><li>Italie</li><li>Japon</li><li>Kirghizistan</li><li>Lituanie</li><li>Pologne</li><li>Pérou</li><li>Royaume-Uni</li><li>Russie</li><li>République populaire de Chine</li><li>Serbie</li><li>Singapour</li><li>Suisse</li><li>Suède</li><li>États-Unis</li></country><region><li>Angleterre</li><li>Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</li><li>Canton de Berne</li><li>Grand Londres</li><li>Hauts-de-France</li><li>Hovedstaden</li><li>Lombardie</li><li>Maryland</li><li>Nord-Pas-de-Calais</li><li>Rhône-Alpes</li><li>Région de Bruxelles-Capitale</li><li>Région de Kantō</li><li>Schleswig-Holstein</li><li>Île-de-France</li></region><settlement><li>Berne</li><li>Bruxelles</li><li>Copenhague</li><li>Grenoble</li><li>Kiel</li><li>Lille</li><li>Londres</li><li>Milan</li><li>Paris</li><li>Pékin</li><li>Tokyo</li></settlement><orgName><li>Université Joseph Fourier</li><li>Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie</li><li>Université de Berne</li></orgName></list><tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Crudu, Valeriu" sort="Crudu, Valeriu" uniqKey="Crudu V" first="Valeriu" last="Crudu">Valeriu Crudu</name></noCountry><country name="Allemagne"><noRegion><name sortKey="Merker, Matthias" sort="Merker, Matthias" uniqKey="Merker M" first="Matthias" last="Merker">Matthias Merker</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Diel, Roland" sort="Diel, Roland" uniqKey="Diel R" first="Roland" last="Diel">Roland Diel</name><name sortKey="Kohl, Thomas A" sort="Kohl, Thomas A" uniqKey="Kohl T" first="Thomas A" last="Kohl">Thomas A. Kohl</name><name sortKey="Niemann, Stefan" sort="Niemann, Stefan" uniqKey="Niemann S" first="Stefan" last="Niemann">Stefan Niemann</name><name sortKey="Rusch Gerdes, Sabine" sort="Rusch Gerdes, Sabine" uniqKey="Rusch Gerdes S" first="Sabine" last="Rüsch-Gerdes">Sabine Rüsch-Gerdes</name></country><country name="France"><region name="Île-de-France"><name sortKey="Blin, Camille" sort="Blin, Camille" uniqKey="Blin C" first="Camille" last="Blin">Camille Blin</name></region><name sortKey="Allix Beguec, Caroline" sort="Allix Beguec, Caroline" uniqKey="Allix Beguec C" first="Caroline" last="Allix-Béguec">Caroline Allix-Béguec</name><name sortKey="Blum, Michael G B" sort="Blum, Michael G B" uniqKey="Blum M" first="Michael G B" last="Blum">Michael G B. Blum</name><name sortKey="Bonnet, Maryline" sort="Bonnet, Maryline" uniqKey="Bonnet M" first="Maryline" last="Bonnet">Maryline Bonnet</name><name sortKey="Duforet Frebourg, Nicolas" sort="Duforet Frebourg, Nicolas" uniqKey="Duforet Frebourg N" first="Nicolas" last="Duforet-Frebourg">Nicolas Duforet-Frebourg</name><name sortKey="Lecher, Sophie" sort="Lecher, Sophie" uniqKey="Lecher S" first="Sophie" last="Lecher">Sophie Lecher</name><name sortKey="Mona, Stefano" sort="Mona, Stefano" uniqKey="Mona S" first="Stefano" last="Mona">Stefano Mona</name><name sortKey="Rastogi, Nalin" sort="Rastogi, Nalin" uniqKey="Rastogi N" first="Nalin" last="Rastogi">Nalin Rastogi</name><name sortKey="Sanchez Padilla, Elisabeth" sort="Sanchez Padilla, Elisabeth" uniqKey="Sanchez Padilla E" first="Elisabeth" last="Sanchez-Padilla">Elisabeth Sanchez-Padilla</name><name sortKey="Supply, Philip" sort="Supply, Philip" uniqKey="Supply P" first="Philip" last="Supply">Philip Supply</name><name sortKey="Varaine, Francis" sort="Varaine, Francis" uniqKey="Varaine F" first="Francis" last="Varaine">Francis Varaine</name><name sortKey="Wahl, Celine" sort="Wahl, Celine" uniqKey="Wahl C" first="Céline" last="Wahl">Céline Wahl</name><name sortKey="Willery, Eve" sort="Willery, Eve" uniqKey="Willery E" first="Eve" last="Willery">Eve Willery</name><name sortKey="Wirth, Thierry" sort="Wirth, Thierry" uniqKey="Wirth T" first="Thierry" last="Wirth">Thierry Wirth</name></country><country name="Russie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Mokrousov, Igor" sort="Mokrousov, Igor" uniqKey="Mokrousov I" first="Igor" last="Mokrousov">Igor Mokrousov</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Kontsevaya, Irina" sort="Kontsevaya, Irina" uniqKey="Kontsevaya I" first="Irina" last="Kontsevaya">Irina Kontsevaya</name></country><country name="Australie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Aleksic, Eman" sort="Aleksic, Eman" uniqKey="Aleksic E" first="Eman" last="Aleksic">Eman Aleksic</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Crowe, Suzanne" sort="Crowe, Suzanne" uniqKey="Crowe S" first="Suzanne" last="Crowe">Suzanne Crowe</name></country><country name="Suisse"><noRegion><name sortKey="Antierens, Annick" sort="Antierens, Annick" uniqKey="Antierens A" first="Annick" last="Antierens">Annick Antierens</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Ballif, Marie" sort="Ballif, Marie" uniqKey="Ballif M" first="Marie" last="Ballif">Marie Ballif</name><name sortKey="Beck, Hans Peter" sort="Beck, Hans Peter" uniqKey="Beck H" first="Hans Peter" last="Beck">Hans Peter Beck</name><name sortKey="Gagneux, Sebastien" sort="Gagneux, Sebastien" uniqKey="Gagneux S" first="Sébastien" last="Gagneux">Sébastien Gagneux</name></country><country name="Pologne"><noRegion><name sortKey="Augustynowicz Kope, Ewa" sort="Augustynowicz Kope, Ewa" uniqKey="Augustynowicz Kope E" first="Ewa" last="Augustynowicz-Kope">Ewa Augustynowicz-Kope</name></noRegion></country><country name="Pérou"><noRegion><name sortKey="Barletta, Francesca" sort="Barletta, Francesca" uniqKey="Barletta F" first="Francesca" last="Barletta">Francesca Barletta</name></noRegion></country><country name="États-Unis"><region name="Maryland"><name sortKey="Barry, Clifton E" sort="Barry, Clifton E" uniqKey="Barry C" first="Clifton E" last="Barry">Clifton E. Barry</name></region><name sortKey="Shamputa, Isdore Chola" sort="Shamputa, Isdore Chola" uniqKey="Shamputa I" first="Isdore Chola" last="Shamputa">Isdore Chola Shamputa</name></country><country name="Italie"><region name="Lombardie"><name sortKey="Borroni, Emanuele" sort="Borroni, Emanuele" uniqKey="Borroni E" first="Emanuele" last="Borroni">Emanuele Borroni</name></region><name sortKey="Cirillo, Daniela" sort="Cirillo, Daniela" uniqKey="Cirillo D" first="Daniela" last="Cirillo">Daniela Cirillo</name></country><country name="Espagne"><noRegion><name sortKey="Campos Herrero, Isolina" sort="Campos Herrero, Isolina" uniqKey="Campos Herrero I" first="Isolina" last="Campos-Herrero">Isolina Campos-Herrero</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Samper, Sofia" sort="Samper, Sofia" uniqKey="Samper S" first="Sofia" last="Samper">Sofia Samper</name></country><country name="Afrique du Sud"><noRegion><name sortKey="Cox, Helen" sort="Cox, Helen" uniqKey="Cox H" first="Helen" last="Cox">Helen Cox</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Hanekom, Madeleine" sort="Hanekom, Madeleine" uniqKey="Hanekom M" first="Madeleine" last="Hanekom">Madeleine Hanekom</name><name sortKey="Warren, Robin" sort="Warren, Robin" uniqKey="Warren R" first="Robin" last="Warren">Robin Warren</name></country><country name="Royaume-Uni"><region name="Angleterre"><name sortKey="Drobniewski, Francis" sort="Drobniewski, Francis" uniqKey="Drobniewski F" first="Francis" last="Drobniewski">Francis Drobniewski</name></region><name sortKey="Nikolayevskyy, Vladyslav" sort="Nikolayevskyy, Vladyslav" uniqKey="Nikolayevskyy V" first="Vladyslav" last="Nikolayevskyy">Vladyslav Nikolayevskyy</name></country><country name="Belgique"><region name="Région de Bruxelles-Capitale"><name sortKey="Fauville Dufaux, Maryse" sort="Fauville Dufaux, Maryse" uniqKey="Fauville Dufaux M" first="Maryse" last="Fauville-Dufaux">Maryse Fauville-Dufaux</name></region></country><country name="Suède"><noRegion><name sortKey="Ghebremichael, Solomon" sort="Ghebremichael, Solomon" uniqKey="Ghebremichael S" first="Solomon" last="Ghebremichael">Solomon Ghebremichael</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Hoffner, Sven" sort="Hoffner, Sven" uniqKey="Hoffner S" first="Sven" last="Hoffner">Sven Hoffner</name></country><country name="République populaire de Chine"><noRegion><name sortKey="Jiao, Wei Wei" sort="Jiao, Wei Wei" uniqKey="Jiao W" first="Wei-Wei" last="Jiao">Wei-Wei Jiao</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Shen, Adong" sort="Shen, Adong" uniqKey="Shen A" first="Adong" last="Shen">Adong Shen</name></country><country name="Kirghizistan"><noRegion><name sortKey="Kalon, Stobdan" sort="Kalon, Stobdan" uniqKey="Kalon S" first="Stobdan" last="Kalon">Stobdan Kalon</name></noRegion></country><country name="Danemark"><region name="Hovedstaden"><name sortKey="Lilleb K, Troels" sort="Lilleb K, Troels" uniqKey="Lilleb K T" first="Troels" last="Lilleb K">Troels Lilleb K</name></region><name sortKey="Rasmussen, Michael" sort="Rasmussen, Michael" uniqKey="Rasmussen M" first="Michael" last="Rasmussen">Michael Rasmussen</name></country><country name="Japon"><region name="Région de Kantō"><name sortKey="Maeda, Shinji" sort="Maeda, Shinji" uniqKey="Maeda S" first="Shinji" last="Maeda">Shinji Maeda</name></region></country><country name="Serbie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Savic, Branislava" sort="Savic, Branislava" uniqKey="Savic B" first="Branislava" last="Savic">Branislava Savic</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Vukovic, Dragana" sort="Vukovic, Dragana" uniqKey="Vukovic D" first="Dragana" last="Vukovic">Dragana Vukovic</name></country><country name="Singapour"><noRegion><name sortKey="Sng, Li Hwei" sort="Sng, Li Hwei" uniqKey="Sng L" first="Li-Hwei" last="Sng">Li-Hwei Sng</name></noRegion></country><country name="Lituanie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Stakenas, Petras" sort="Stakenas, Petras" uniqKey="Stakenas P" first="Petras" last="Stakenas">Petras Stakenas</name></noRegion></country><country name="Estonie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Toit, Kadri" sort="Toit, Kadri" uniqKey="Toit K" first="Kadri" last="Toit">Kadri Toit</name></noRegion></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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